Typical production data of tidal generator shown of the T100 model as applied in Den Oever. Tocardo, a Dutch-based company, has been running tidal turbines since 2008 on the Afsluitdijk, near Den Oever. It was removed in September 2018 to make way for the Orbital O2, the production model, completed in 2021. It produced 3,200 MWhs of electricity in 12 months of continuous testing. The SR2000, a prototype 2MW floating turbine developed by Orbital Marine Power in Scotland, was operated at the European Marine Energy Centre, Orkney, from 2016. They have most of the prototypes currently under design, development, testing or operations. These are close in concept to traditional windmills, but operate under the sea. They are horizontal axis turbines, vertical axis turbines, oscillating hydrofoils, venturi devices, Archimedes screws and tidal kites. The European Marine Energy Centre recognizes six principal types of tidal energy converter. Several prototypes have shown promise with many companies making bold claims, some of which are yet to be independently verified, but they have not operated commercially for extended periods to establish performances and rates of return on investments. No standard tidal stream generator has emerged as the clear winner, among a large variety of designs. Furthermore, at higher speeds in a flow between 2 and 3 meters per second in seawater a tidal turbine can typically access four times as much energy per rotor swept area as a similarly rated power wind turbine. Given that power varies with the density of medium and the cube of velocity, water speeds of nearly one-tenth the speed of wind provide the same power for the same size of turbine system however this limits the application in practice to places where tide speed is at least 2 knots (1 m/s) even close to neap tides. The higher density of water relative to air (water is about 800 times the density of air) means that a single generator can provide significant power at low tidal flow velocities compared with similar wind speed. However, the potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of similarly rated wind energy turbine. Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as wind turbines draw energy from air currents.
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